{
 "title": "Lifespans: the typical and oldest known age of each tree and shrub with a dated figure",
 "page": "https://bluewhaletrees.com/articles/how-long-native-trees-live/",
 "license": {
  "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
  "short": "CC BY 4.0",
  "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
 },
 "attribution": "Blue Whale Trees, https://bluewhaletrees.com/articles/how-long-native-trees-live/",
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "row": "one tree or shrub whose page states a lifespan",
 "rows_count": 96,
 "columns": [
  {
   "name": "slug",
   "means": "the plant page's address word: the page is https://bluewhaletrees.com/plants/ followed by the slug and a slash"
  },
  {
   "name": "name",
   "means": "the common name the page uses"
  },
  {
   "name": "botanical",
   "means": "the botanical name"
  },
  {
   "name": "typical_min_years",
   "means": "the typical age the source gives, in years: the low end of a range, or the one figure"
  },
  {
   "name": "typical_max_years",
   "means": "the high end of the typical range, or the one figure again"
  },
  {
   "name": "typical_kind",
   "means": "what the typical figure is, in the source's own terms: a typical lifespan, a life expectancy, the age trees begin to decline"
  },
  {
   "name": "typical_bound",
   "means": "or more, or less, where the source bounds the typical figure"
  },
  {
   "name": "oldest_years",
   "means": "the oldest age known, in years"
  },
  {
   "name": "oldest_kind",
   "means": "what the oldest figure is: a ring-counted tree, a cross-dated tree, a stated maximum"
  },
  {
   "name": "oldest_bound",
   "means": "or more, where the tree's center was hollow or the count stopped short"
  },
  {
   "name": "dated_years",
   "means": "a ring-dated age that stands below the stated oldest, kept beside it"
  },
  {
   "name": "dated_kind",
   "means": "what the dated figure is"
  },
  {
   "name": "source",
   "means": "the source of the oldest figure, or of the typical one where no oldest is given"
  },
  {
   "name": "source_url",
   "means": "its address"
  }
 ],
 "rows": [
  {
   "slug": "american-basswood",
   "name": "American Basswood (Linden)",
   "botanical": "Tilia americana",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 242,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted log section, hollow center",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern Native Tree Society, ENTS Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees, Edward Frank",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231111013135/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/ents_maximum_ages.htm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "american-beech",
   "name": "American Beech",
   "botanical": "Fagus grandifolia",
   "typical_min_years": 200,
   "typical_max_years": 300,
   "typical_kind": "often lives",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 366,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": "or more",
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: American Beech, Carl H. Tubbs and David R. Houston 1990",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/american-beech"
  },
  {
   "slug": "american-chestnut",
   "name": "American Chestnut",
   "botanical": "Castanea dentata",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 270,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Castanea dentata, American chestnut",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Castanea&species=dentata"
  },
  {
   "slug": "american-holly",
   "name": "American Holly, select line",
   "botanical": "Ilex opaca",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 150,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum lifespan",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 144,
   "dated_kind": "aged tree, method not stated",
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas (retired March 2026, read in the Wayback Machine copy of 2025-03-25): Life History and Disturbance Response of Ilex opaca (American holly)",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250325041545/https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_591.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "american-hornbeam",
   "name": "American Hornbeam (Musclewood)",
   "botanical": "Carpinus caroliniana",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 150,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum lifespan",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas (retired March 2026, read in the Wayback Machine copy of 2025-03-12): Life History and Disturbance Response of Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam, musclewood)",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250312100639/https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_391.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "american-persimmon",
   "name": "American Persimmon",
   "botanical": "Diospyros virginiana",
   "typical_min_years": 80,
   "typical_max_years": 80,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 150,
   "oldest_kind": "reported to reach",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA NRCS Plant Guide: Common Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana",
   "source_url": "https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_divi5.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "american-smoketree",
   "name": "American Smoketree",
   "botanical": "Cotinus obovatus",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 221,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Cotinus obovatus, American smoketree",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Cotinus&species=obovatus"
  },
  {
   "slug": "atlantic-white-cedar",
   "name": "Atlantic White Cedar",
   "botanical": "Chamaecyparis thyoides",
   "typical_min_years": 200,
   "typical_max_years": 200,
   "typical_kind": "stands rarely past",
   "typical_bound": "or less",
   "oldest_years": 1080,
   "oldest_kind": "stump count, reported in 1857",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "George H. Cook, Geology of the County of Cape May, State of New Jersey, New Jersey Geological Survey, 1857, pages 60 and 61",
   "source_url": "https://archive.org/download/cu31924004628800/cu31924004628800_djvu.txt"
  },
  {
   "slug": "bald-cypress",
   "name": "Bald Cypress",
   "botanical": "Taxodium distichum",
   "typical_min_years": 400,
   "typical_max_years": 600,
   "typical_kind": "common in virgin stands",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 2624,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Pederson), Virginia Tech Dendrology: Taxodium distichum",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Taxodium&species=distichum"
  },
  {
   "slug": "bitternut-hickory",
   "name": "Bitternut Hickory",
   "botanical": "Carya cordiformis",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 275,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted log",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Ontario's old growth forests, Michael Henry: Ontario's oldest trees, updated February 2025",
   "source_url": "https://www.oldgrowth.ca/oldtrees/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "black-cherry",
   "name": "Black Cherry",
   "botanical": "Prunus serotina",
   "typical_min_years": 80,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "age decline begins",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 258,
   "oldest_kind": "recorded age, cut tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: Black Cherry",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/black-cherry"
  },
  {
   "slug": "black-gum",
   "name": "Black Gum (Tupelo)",
   "botanical": "Nyssa sylvatica",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 679,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Nyssa sylvatica, blackgum",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Nyssa&species=sylvatica"
  },
  {
   "slug": "black-locust",
   "name": "Black Locust",
   "botanical": "Robinia pseudoacacia",
   "typical_min_years": 90,
   "typical_max_years": 90,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 146,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted log",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern Native Tree Society, Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees, the list's thread with Jess Riddle's ring counts of 2008-01-11",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220128200143/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/maximum_ages_for_eastern_trees.htm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "black-maple",
   "name": "Black Maple",
   "botanical": "Acer nigrum",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 247,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Acer nigrum, black maple",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Acer&species=nigrum"
  },
  {
   "slug": "black-oak",
   "name": "Black Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus velutina",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "physiologically mature",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 257,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Quercus velutina, black oak",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=velutina"
  },
  {
   "slug": "black-walnut",
   "name": "Black Walnut",
   "botanical": "Juglans nigra",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 150,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 260,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted stump",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Ontario's old growth forests, Michael Henry: Ontario's oldest trees, updated February 2025",
   "source_url": "https://www.oldgrowth.ca/oldtrees/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "blackjack-oak",
   "name": "Blackjack Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus marilandica",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 230,
   "oldest_kind": "oldest recorded",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Quercus marilandica",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/quemar"
  },
  {
   "slug": "blue-ash",
   "name": "Blue Ash",
   "botanical": "Fraxinus quadrangulata",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 200,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 300,
   "oldest_kind": "can live up to",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 249,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "University of Kentucky Forestry and Natural Resources: blue ash",
   "source_url": "https://forestry.mgcafe.uky.edu/common_ky_trees/blue-ash"
  },
  {
   "slug": "bluejack-oak",
   "name": "Bluejack Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus incana",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 100,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum lifespan",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas (retired March 2026, read in the Wayback Machine copy of 2025-03-23): Life History and Disturbance Response of Quercus incana (Bluejack Oak)",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250323213249/https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_842.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "bur-oak",
   "name": "Bur Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus macrocarpa",
   "typical_min_years": 300,
   "typical_max_years": 400,
   "typical_kind": "common in remnants",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 401,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Quercus macrocarpa, bur oak",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=macrocarpa"
  },
  {
   "slug": "butternut",
   "name": "Butternut",
   "botanical": "Juglans cinerea",
   "typical_min_years": 75,
   "typical_max_years": 75,
   "typical_kind": "usually not past",
   "typical_bound": "or less",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: Butternut, George Rink 1990",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/butternut"
  },
  {
   "slug": "carolina-hemlock",
   "name": "Carolina Hemlock",
   "botanical": "Tsuga caroliniana",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 307,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages: Tsuga caroliniana",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Tsuga&species=caroliniana"
  },
  {
   "slug": "carolina-silverbell",
   "name": "Carolina Silverbell",
   "botanical": "Halesia tetraptera",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 197,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern Native Tree Society, Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees, the list's thread with Jess Riddle's ring counts of 2008-01-11",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220128200143/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/maximum_ages_for_eastern_trees.htm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "cedar-elm",
   "name": "Cedar Elm",
   "botanical": "Ulmus crassifolia",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas (retired March 2026, read in the Wayback Machine copy of 2025-03-21): Life History and Disturbance Response of Ulmus crassifolia (Cedar Elm)",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250321110357/https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_973.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "chestnut-oak",
   "name": "Chestnut Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus montana",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 427,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Quercus montana, chestnut oak",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=montana"
  },
  {
   "slug": "chinquapin-oak",
   "name": "Chinquapin Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus muehlenbergii",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 429,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Quercus muehlenbergii, chinkapin oak",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=muehlenbergii"
  },
  {
   "slug": "chokecherry",
   "name": "Chokecherry",
   "botanical": "Prunus virginiana",
   "typical_min_years": 40,
   "typical_max_years": 40,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": "or more",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas (retired March 2026, read in the Wayback Machine copy of 2025-03-22): Life History and Disturbance Response of Prunus virginiana (Common Chokecherry)",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250322100810/https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_763.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "common-hackberry",
   "name": "Common Hackberry",
   "botanical": "Celtis occidentalis",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 200,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Celtis occidentalis",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/celocc"
  },
  {
   "slug": "cucumber-magnolia",
   "name": "Cucumber Magnolia",
   "botanical": "Magnolia acuminata",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 150,
   "typical_kind": "seldom more than",
   "typical_bound": "or less",
   "oldest_years": 348,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Magnolia acuminata filed as Magnolia accuminata, cucumbertree",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Magnolia&species=accuminata"
  },
  {
   "slug": "devils-walking-stick",
   "name": "Devil's Walking Stick",
   "botanical": "Aralia spinosa",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 55,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted stem",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Aralia spinosa, Devil's walking stick",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Aralia&species=spinosa"
  },
  {
   "slug": "eastern-leatherwood",
   "name": "Eastern Leatherwood",
   "botanical": "Dirca palustris",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 44,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted stem",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Dirca palustris, eastern leatherwood",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Dirca&species=palustris"
  },
  {
   "slug": "eastern-red-cedar",
   "name": "Eastern Red Cedar",
   "botanical": "Juniperus virginiana",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 940,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Juniperus virginiana, eastern redcedar",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Juniperus&species=virginiana"
  },
  {
   "slug": "eastern-redbud",
   "name": "Eastern Redbud",
   "botanical": "Cercis canadensis",
   "typical_min_years": 20,
   "typical_max_years": 25,
   "typical_kind": "usual lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "The Morton Arboretum: redbud",
   "source_url": "https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/redbud/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "flatwoods-plum",
   "name": "Flatwoods Plum",
   "botanical": "Prunus umbellata",
   "typical_min_years": 30,
   "typical_max_years": 40,
   "typical_kind": "may live, good site",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "UF/IFAS Extension ENH-679: Prunus umbellata: Flatwoods Plum, Gilman and Watson, 1993, revised 2006, reviewed 2014, archived 2024-03-02",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240302164938/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST521"
  },
  {
   "slug": "flowering-dogwood",
   "name": "Flowering Dogwood",
   "botanical": "Cornus florida",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 180,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted section",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Ontario's old growth forests, Michael Henry: Ontario's oldest trees, updated February 2025",
   "source_url": "https://www.oldgrowth.ca/oldtrees/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "franklin-tree",
   "name": "Franklin Tree",
   "botanical": "Franklinia alatamaha",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 100,
   "oldest_kind": "1905 cuttings, still alive",
   "oldest_bound": "or more",
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University: Against All Odds: Growing Franklinia in Boston, 2005-11-15",
   "source_url": "https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/against-all-odds-growing-franklinia-in-boston/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "fraser-fir",
   "name": "Fraser Fir",
   "botanical": "Abies fraseri",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 150,
   "typical_kind": "age at natural death",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: Fraser Fir, Beck 1990",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/fraser-fir"
  },
  {
   "slug": "fraser-magnolia",
   "name": "Fraser Magnolia",
   "botanical": "Magnolia fraseri",
   "typical_min_years": 60,
   "typical_max_years": 70,
   "typical_kind": "drops out of stands",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 130,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern Native Tree Society, Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees, the list's thread with Jess Riddle's ring counts of 2008-01-11",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220128200143/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/maximum_ages_for_eastern_trees.htm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "gray-birch",
   "name": "Gray Birch",
   "botanical": "Betula populifolia",
   "typical_min_years": 20,
   "typical_max_years": 20,
   "typical_kind": "approximate lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 50,
   "oldest_kind": "rarely past",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Trees and Shrubs Online: Betula populifolia",
   "source_url": "https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/betula/betula-populifolia/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "hop-hornbeam",
   "name": "Hop Hornbeam",
   "botanical": "Ostrya virginiana",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 281,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Ostrya virginiana, eastern hophornbeam",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Ostrya&species=virginiana"
  },
  {
   "slug": "kentucky-coffeetree",
   "name": "Kentucky Coffeetree",
   "botanical": "Gymnocladus dioicus",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 100,
   "oldest_kind": "can live to",
   "oldest_bound": "or more",
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "South Dakota State University Extension: Kentucky Coffeetree, David Graper, updated 2019-01-09",
   "source_url": "https://extension.sdstate.edu/kentucky-coffeetree"
  },
  {
   "slug": "laurel-oak",
   "name": "Laurel Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus hemisphaerica",
   "typical_min_years": 50,
   "typical_max_years": 70,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "UF/IFAS Extension, ENH-707/ST549, Quercus laurifolia: Laurel Oak, Gilman and others",
   "source_url": "https://ask.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST549"
  },
  {
   "slug": "live-oak",
   "name": "Live Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus virginiana",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 500,
   "oldest_kind": "one tree, 500 to 700",
   "oldest_bound": "or more",
   "dated_years": 134,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated section",
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America, Volume 2, Hardwoods (Agriculture Handbook 654, 1990): Live Oak, W. R. Harms",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/1548.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "loblolly-bay",
   "name": "Loblolly Bay",
   "botanical": "Gordonia lasianthus",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 100,
   "oldest_kind": "may live to",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Florida Native Plant Society, FNPS Plant Database: Gordonia lasianthus, citing Nelson 2003, Florida's Best Landscape Plants",
   "source_url": "https://www.fnps.org/plant/gordonia-lasianthus"
  },
  {
   "slug": "longleaf-pine",
   "name": "Longleaf Pine",
   "botanical": "Pinus palustris",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 458,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages: Pinus palustris",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Pinus&species=palustris"
  },
  {
   "slug": "mockernut-hickory",
   "name": "Mockernut Hickory",
   "botanical": "Carya tomentosa",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 202,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern Native Tree Society, ENTS Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees, Edward Frank",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231111013135/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/ents_maximum_ages.htm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "mountain-maple",
   "name": "Mountain Maple",
   "botanical": "Acer spicatum",
   "typical_min_years": 40,
   "typical_max_years": 50,
   "typical_kind": "decadent at",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Acer spicatum (Sullivan 1993)",
   "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/acespi/all.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "northern-catalpa",
   "name": "Northern Catalpa",
   "botanical": "Catalpa speciosa",
   "typical_min_years": 60,
   "typical_max_years": 60,
   "typical_kind": "longevity",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA NRCS Plant Guide, Northern Catalpa",
   "source_url": "https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_casp8.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "pecan",
   "name": "Northern Pecan",
   "botanical": "Carya illinoinensis",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 300,
   "oldest_kind": "bears seed to",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America, Pecan",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/pecan"
  },
  {
   "slug": "northern-red-oak",
   "name": "Northern Red Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus rubra",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 500,
   "oldest_kind": "may live up to",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 326,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "USDA NRCS Plant Guide: Northern Red Oak, Quercus rubra",
   "source_url": "https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_quru.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "northern-white-cedar",
   "name": "Northern White Cedar",
   "botanical": "Thuja occidentalis",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 1653,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Thuja occidentalis, northern white-cedar",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Thuja&species=occidentalis"
  },
  {
   "slug": "ohio-buckeye",
   "name": "Ohio Buckeye",
   "botanical": "Aesculus glabra",
   "typical_min_years": 80,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "most trees",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA NRCS Plant Guide: Ohio buckeye, Aesculus glabra (Nesom)",
   "source_url": "https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_aegl.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "overcup-oak",
   "name": "Overcup Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus lyrata",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 400,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum age",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 218,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America, Overcup Oak",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/overcup-oak"
  },
  {
   "slug": "pignut-hickory",
   "name": "Pignut Hickory",
   "botanical": "Carya glabra",
   "typical_min_years": 200,
   "typical_max_years": 200,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 325,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Carya glabra, pignut hickory",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Carya&species=glabra"
  },
  {
   "slug": "pin-cherry",
   "name": "Pin Cherry",
   "botanical": "Prunus pensylvanica",
   "typical_min_years": 20,
   "typical_max_years": 40,
   "typical_kind": "dies off at",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Fire Effects Information System: Prunus pensylvanica, Anderson 2004",
   "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/prupen/all.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "pin-oak",
   "name": "Pin Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus palustris",
   "typical_min_years": 80,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "physiologically mature",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: Pin Oak, McQuilkin 1990",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/pin-oak"
  },
  {
   "slug": "pond-cypress",
   "name": "Pond Cypress",
   "botanical": "Taxodium ascendens",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 417,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages: Taxodium ascendens",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Taxodium&species=ascendens"
  },
  {
   "slug": "post-oak",
   "name": "Post Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus stellata",
   "typical_min_years": 300,
   "typical_max_years": 400,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 395,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Quercus stellata, post oak",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=stellata"
  },
  {
   "slug": "red-mulberry",
   "name": "Red Mulberry",
   "botanical": "Morus rubra",
   "typical_min_years": 125,
   "typical_max_years": 125,
   "typical_kind": "usual lifespan",
   "typical_bound": "or less",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Morus rubra, Sullivan 1993",
   "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/morrub/all.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "red-spruce",
   "name": "Red Spruce",
   "botanical": "Picea rubens",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 445,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Picea rubens, red spruce",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Picea&species=rubens"
  },
  {
   "slug": "redbay",
   "name": "Redbay",
   "botanical": "Persea borbonia",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 100,
   "oldest_kind": "life expectancy, up to",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "University of Florida IFAS, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences: Campus Tree Tour, Redbay - Persea borbonia",
   "source_url": "https://ffgs.ifas.ufl.edu/tree-tour/redbay/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "river-birch",
   "name": "River Birch",
   "botanical": "Betula nigra",
   "typical_min_years": 30,
   "typical_max_years": 40,
   "typical_kind": "urban trees",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "University of Florida IFAS Extension, ST094: Betula nigra, River Birch",
   "source_url": "https://ask.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST094"
  },
  {
   "slug": "rock-elm",
   "name": "Rock Elm",
   "botanical": "Ulmus thomasii",
   "typical_min_years": 250,
   "typical_max_years": 300,
   "typical_kind": "may live",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: Rock Elm, Crow 1990",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/rock-elm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "sand-pine",
   "name": "Sand Pine",
   "botanical": "Pinus clausa",
   "typical_min_years": 50,
   "typical_max_years": 60,
   "typical_kind": "stands break up at",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 100,
   "oldest_kind": "rarely reaches",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 71,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Pinus clausa, Carey 1992",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/pincla"
  },
  {
   "slug": "sand-post-oak",
   "name": "Sand Post Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus margaretta",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 234,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Virginia Tech): Quercus margarettae, sand post oak",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=margarettae"
  },
  {
   "slug": "sassafras",
   "name": "Sassafras",
   "botanical": "Sassafras albidum",
   "typical_min_years": 69,
   "typical_max_years": 69,
   "typical_kind": "age decline begins",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 173,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Virginia Tech): Sassafras albidum",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Sassafras&species=albidum"
  },
  {
   "slug": "shagbark-hickory",
   "name": "Shagbark Hickory",
   "botanical": "Carya ovata",
   "typical_min_years": 200,
   "typical_max_years": 300,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 401,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Ontario's old growth forests, Michael Henry: Ontario's oldest trees, updated February 2025",
   "source_url": "https://www.oldgrowth.ca/oldtrees/"
  },
  {
   "slug": "shellbark-hickory",
   "name": "Shellbark Hickory (Kingnut)",
   "botanical": "Carya laciniosa",
   "typical_min_years": 200,
   "typical_max_years": 200,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 350,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum age",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "University of Illinois Extension, Technical Forestry Bulletin NRES-502: Maximum Tree Age & Longevity, J. C. Hayek, updated May 2019",
   "source_url": "https://extension.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/maximum_tree_age_and_longevity.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "shingle-oak",
   "name": "Shingle Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus imbricaria",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 107,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted stump",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "University of Illinois Extension, Technical Forestry Bulletin NRES-502: Maximum Tree Age & Longevity, J. C. Hayek, updated May 2019",
   "source_url": "https://extension.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/maximum_tree_age_and_longevity.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "shumard-oak",
   "name": "Shumard Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus shumardii",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 480,
   "oldest_kind": "oldest recorded",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Quercus shumardii, Sullivan 1993",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/queshu"
  },
  {
   "slug": "sourwood",
   "name": "Sourwood",
   "botanical": "Oxydendrum arboreum",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 263,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Virginia Tech): Oxydendron arboreum, sourwood",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Oxydendron&species=arboreum"
  },
  {
   "slug": "southern-catalpa",
   "name": "Southern Catalpa",
   "botanical": "Catalpa bignonioides",
   "typical_min_years": 40,
   "typical_max_years": 60,
   "typical_kind": "longevity",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA NRCS Plant Guide: Southern Catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides (Geyer, Broyles and Row, Manhattan Plant Materials Center)",
   "source_url": "https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_cabi8.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "southern-magnolia",
   "name": "Southern Magnolia",
   "botanical": "Magnolia grandiflora",
   "typical_min_years": 80,
   "typical_max_years": 80,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 120,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum lifespan",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas: Life History and Disturbance Response of Magnolia grandiflora",
   "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_652.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "southern-red-oak",
   "name": "Southern Red Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus falcata",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 150,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum age",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 141,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: Southern Red Oak, Belanger 1990",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/southern-red-oak"
  },
  {
   "slug": "spruce-pine",
   "name": "Spruce Pine",
   "botanical": "Pinus glabra",
   "typical_min_years": 75,
   "typical_max_years": 75,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 113,
   "oldest_kind": "maximum lifespan",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas (retired March 2026, read in the Wayback Machine copy of 2025-03-17): Life History and Disturbance Response of Pinus glabra (spruce pine)",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250317132712/https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_115.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "striped-maple",
   "name": "Striped Maple",
   "botanical": "Acer pensylvanicum",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 99,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted core",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern Native Tree Society, ENTS Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees, Edward Frank",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231111013135/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/ents_maximum_ages.htm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "sugarberry",
   "name": "Sugarberry",
   "botanical": "Celtis laevigata",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 150,
   "oldest_kind": "probably not over",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: sugarberry (Kennedy 1990)",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/sugarberry"
  },
  {
   "slug": "swamp-chestnut-oak",
   "name": "Swamp Chestnut Oak, select line",
   "botanical": "Quercus michauxii",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 200,
   "typical_kind": "life expectancy",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 205,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted core",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Doyle, T.W., 2009, Modeling flood plain hydrology and forest productivity of Congaree Swamp, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5130",
   "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5130/pdf/SIR2009-5130.pdf"
  },
  {
   "slug": "swamp-cottonwood",
   "name": "Swamp Cottonwood",
   "botanical": "Populus heterophylla",
   "typical_min_years": 80,
   "typical_max_years": 80,
   "typical_kind": "seldom sound after",
   "typical_bound": "or less",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Silvics of North America: swamp cottonwood (1990)",
   "source_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/swamp-cottonwood"
  },
  {
   "slug": "swamp-tupelo",
   "name": "Swamp Tupelo",
   "botanical": "Nyssa biflora",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": "or more",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas: Life History and Disturbance Response of Nyssa biflora",
   "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_694.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "swamp-white-oak",
   "name": "Swamp White Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus bicolor",
   "typical_min_years": 300,
   "typical_max_years": 350,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 285,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Quercus bicolor, swamp white oak",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Quercus&species=bicolor"
  },
  {
   "slug": "sweet-birch",
   "name": "Sweet Birch (Black Birch)",
   "botanical": "Betula lenta",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 378,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern Native Tree Society, Maximum Ages for Eastern Trees, the list's thread with Jess Riddle's ring counts of 2008-01-11",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220128200143/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/dendro/maximum_ages_for_eastern_trees.htm"
  },
  {
   "slug": "sweetbay-magnolia",
   "name": "Sweetbay Magnolia",
   "botanical": "Magnolia virginiana",
   "typical_min_years": 80,
   "typical_max_years": 130,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan, estimate",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Climate Change Tree Atlas (retired March 2026): sweetbay, lhdr_653, the Internet Archive's copy of 2025-04-24",
   "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250424/https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_653.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "table-mountain-pine",
   "name": "Table Mountain Pine",
   "botanical": "Pinus pungens",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 271,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages: Pinus pungens",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Pinus&species=pungens"
  },
  {
   "slug": "tamarack",
   "name": "Tamarack",
   "botanical": "Larix laricina",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 180,
   "typical_kind": "usual maximum age",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 371,
   "oldest_kind": "reported cross-dated age",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "The Gymnosperm Database (C. J. Earle): Larix laricina",
   "source_url": "https://www.conifers.org/pi/Larix_laricina.php"
  },
  {
   "slug": "tough-bully",
   "name": "Tough Bully",
   "botanical": "Sideroxylon tenax",
   "typical_min_years": 50,
   "typical_max_years": 50,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": "or more",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Florida Native Plant Society Plant Database: Sideroxylon tenax",
   "source_url": "https://www.fnps.org/plant/sideroxylon-tenax"
  },
  {
   "slug": "water-hickory",
   "name": "Water Hickory",
   "botanical": "Carya aquatica",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 150,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": "or more",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Florida Native Plant Society Plant Database: Carya aquatica",
   "source_url": "https://www.fnps.org/plant/carya-aquatica"
  },
  {
   "slug": "water-tupelo",
   "name": "Water Tupelo",
   "botanical": "Nyssa aquatica",
   "typical_min_years": 90,
   "typical_max_years": 175,
   "typical_kind": "age decline begins",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 600,
   "oldest_kind": "reported age, unpublished data",
   "oldest_bound": "or more",
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Stahle, Edmondson, Howard and others 2019, Longevity, climate sensitivity, and conservation status of wetland trees at Black River, North Carolina, Environmental Research Communications 1: 041002",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab0c4a"
  },
  {
   "slug": "white-fringetree",
   "name": "White Fringetree",
   "botanical": "Chionanthus virginicus",
   "typical_min_years": 50,
   "typical_max_years": 50,
   "typical_kind": "lifespan",
   "typical_bound": "or more",
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Florida Native Plant Society Plant Database: Chionanthus virginicus",
   "source_url": "https://www.fnps.org/plant/chionanthus-virginicus"
  },
  {
   "slug": "white-oak",
   "name": "White Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus alba",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 600,
   "oldest_kind": "lives up to",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": 464,
   "dated_kind": "cross-dated tree",
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Quercus alba, Tirmenstein 1991",
   "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/all.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "willow-oak",
   "name": "Willow Oak",
   "botanical": "Quercus phellos",
   "typical_min_years": 200,
   "typical_max_years": 200,
   "typical_kind": "typical lifespan",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Climate Change Tree Atlas: Life History and Disturbance Response of Quercus phellos",
   "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/atlas/tree/resources/lhdr/lhdr_831.html"
  },
  {
   "slug": "winged-elm",
   "name": "Winged Elm",
   "botanical": "Ulmus alata",
   "typical_min_years": 100,
   "typical_max_years": 100,
   "typical_kind": "likely lifespan",
   "typical_bound": "or less",
   "oldest_years": 186,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Virginia Tech): Ulmus alata, winged elm",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Ulmus&species=alata"
  },
  {
   "slug": "witch-hazel",
   "name": "Witch Hazel",
   "botanical": "Hamamelis virginiana",
   "typical_min_years": null,
   "typical_max_years": null,
   "typical_kind": null,
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 58,
   "oldest_kind": "cross-dated stem",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Hamamelis virginiana, witch-hazel",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Hamamelis&species=virginiana"
  },
  {
   "slug": "yellow-birch",
   "name": "Yellow Birch",
   "botanical": "Betula alleghaniensis",
   "typical_min_years": 150,
   "typical_max_years": 150,
   "typical_kind": "average longevity",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 387,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Virginia Tech Dendrology, Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Neil Pederson): Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Betula&species=alleghaniensis"
  },
  {
   "slug": "yellow-buckeye",
   "name": "Yellow Buckeye",
   "botanical": "Aesculus flava",
   "typical_min_years": 60,
   "typical_max_years": 80,
   "typical_kind": "age decline begins",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": 410,
   "oldest_kind": "ring-counted tree",
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "Eastern OLDLIST of maximum tree ages (Virginia Tech): Aesculus flava, yellow buckeye",
   "source_url": "https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/olds/detail.cfm?genus=Aesculus&species=flava"
  },
  {
   "slug": "yellowwood",
   "name": "Yellowwood",
   "botanical": "Cladrastis kentukea",
   "typical_min_years": 30,
   "typical_max_years": 40,
   "typical_kind": "unpruned, falls apart",
   "typical_bound": null,
   "oldest_years": null,
   "oldest_kind": null,
   "oldest_bound": null,
   "dated_years": null,
   "dated_kind": null,
   "source": "University of Kentucky Department of Horticulture and Kentucky Division of Forestry, Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service: Cladrastis kentukea (Yellowwood)",
   "source_url": "https://eec.ky.gov/Natural-Resources/Forestry/ky-champion-trees/Documents/Yellowwood.pdf"
  }
 ]
}